Reading Comprehension and Making Predictions

One of the signs a child is having problems with reading comprehension is trouble making predictions. This, according to Dr. Sally Shaywitz in her book, Overcoming Dyslexia: A New and Complete Science-Based Program for Overcoming Reading Problems at Any Level. When a student makes a prediction he or she is making a guess about what is going to happen next in a story or what a character is going to do or think, An effective reader will base their prediction on clues from the story and his or her own experiences. Most typical students naturally make predictions as they read. Students with dyslexia may have trouble with this important skill. Why Students with Dyslexia Have Difficulty Making Predictions We make predictions every day. We watch our family members and based on their actions we can often guess what they are going to do or say next. Even young children make predictions about the world around them. Imagine a young child walking up to a toy store. She sees the sign and even though she cant yet read it, because she has been there before she knows it is a toy store. Immediately, she begins anticipating what is going to happen in the store. She is going to see and touch her favorite toys. She might even get to take one home. Based on her previous knowledge and clues (the sign on the front of the store) she has made predictions about what will happen next. Students with dyslexia may be able to make predictions based on real-life situations but may have problems doing so when reading a story. Because they often struggle with sounding out each word, it is hard to follow the story and therefore cant guess what is going to happen next. They may also have a hard time with sequencing. Predictions are based on what happens next which requires a student to follow a logical sequence of events. If a student with dyslexia has problems sequencing, guessing the next action will be difficult. The Importance of Making Predictions Making predictions is more than just guessing what is going to happen next. Predicting helps students become actively involved in reading and helps to keep their interest level high. Some of the other benefits of teaching students to make predictions are: Helps students to ask questions while they are readingEncourages students to skim or re-read portions of the story to better understand it or to recall facts about the characters or eventsProvides a way for students to monitor their understanding of the material As students learn predictions skills, they will more fully comprehend what they have read and will retain the information for longer periods of time. Strategies for Teaching Making Predictions For younger children, look at the pictures before reading the book, including the front and back covers of the book. Have students make predictions on what they think the book is about. For older students, have them read the chapter titles or the first paragraph of a chapter and then guess what will happen in the chapter. Once students have made predictions, read the story or the chapter and after finishing, review the predictions to see if they were correct. Create a prediction diagram. A prediction diagram has blank spaces to write down the clues or evidence used to make a prediction and a space to write their prediction. Clues can be found in pictures, chapter titles or in the text itself. A prediction diagram helps students organize the information they read in order to make a prediction. Prediction diagrams can be creative, such as a diagram of a rocky path leading to a castle (each rock has a place for a clue) and the prediction is written in the castle or they can be simple, with clues written on one side of a paper and the prediction written on the other. Use magazine ads or pictures in a book and make predictions about people. Students write down what they think the person is going to do, what the person is feeling or what the person is like. They can use clues such as facial expression, clothes, body language, and surroundings. This exercise helps students understand how much information you can obtain from being observant and looking at everything in the picture. Watch a film and stop it part way through. Ask students to make predictions on what will happen next. Students should be able to explain why they made the prediction. For example, I think John is going to fall off his bike because he is carrying a box while he is riding and his bike is wobbling. This exercise helps students to follow the logic of the story to make their predictions rather than just make guesses. Use What would I do? techniques. After reading a portion of a story, stop and ask the students to make predictions not about the character but about themselves. What would they do in this situation? How would they react? This exercise helps students to use previous knowledge to make predictions. References Robb, Laura, Reading Clinic: Use Predictions to Help Kids Think Deeply About Books, Scholastic.com, Date UnknownShaywitz, Sally. Overcoming Dyslexia: A New and Complete Science-Based Program for Overcoming Reading Problems at Any Level. 1st. Vintage, 2005. 246. Print.

In Cold Blood Death Penalty - 1413 Words

In Cold Blood: Death Penalty Capital Punishment has been part of the criminal justice system since the earliest of times. The Babylonian Hammurabi Code(ca. 1700 B.C.) decreed death for crimes as minor as the fraudulent sale of beer(Flanders 3). Egyptians could be put to death for disclosing the location of sacred burial sites(Flanders 3). However, in recent times opponents have shown the death penalty to be racist, barbaric, and in violation with the United States Constitution as ...cruel and unusual punishment. In this country,although laws governing the application of the death penalty have undergone many changes since biblical times, the punishment endures , and controversy has never been greater. A prisoners death†¦show more content†¦Studies show that the chance for a death sentence is up to five to ten times greater in cases with white victims than black victims(Flanders 25). In the criminal justice system, the life of a white person is worth more than the life of a black person. The mentally retarded are victimized by the death penalty. Since 1989, when the Supreme Court upheld killing of the mentally retarded, at least four such executions have occurred. According to the Southern Center for Human Rights, at least 10 percent of death row inmates in the United States are mentally retarded(Long 79). Juveniles are subject to the death penalty. Since state execution of juveniles also became permissible in the decision cited above, at least five people who were juveniles when their crimes were committed have executed(Long 79). Innocent people can-and have been- executed. With the death penalty errors are irreversible. According to a 1987 study, 23 people who were innocent of the crimes for which they were convicted were executed between 1900 and 1985(Long 79). Until human judgement becomes infallible, this problem alone is reason enough to abolish the death penalty at the hands of the state more dedicated to vengeance than to truth and justice. Executions do not save money. There are those who cry that we, the taxpayers, shouldnt have to support condemned people for an entireShow MoreRelatedIn Cold Blood Death Penalty2766 Words   |  12 Pagesaccording to the law of the great state of Kansas. Using evidence that the criminals themselves have provided, I shall prove to you that these men deserve to get the death penalty as retribution for their sins. I suppose I should begin my argument by going over the specific laws regarding the death penalty in Kansas. The death penalty is given as punishment for capital murder with 8 aggravating circumstances. The defendants are guilty of several of these aggravating circumstances, and I will go throughRead MoreApproaching Death1369 Words   |  6 Pagesthat they are punishable by death. These crimes are called capital crimes and the gruesome punishment you go under is referred to as capital punishment. Some states have abolished capital punishment; many states still uphold this ancient practice. Thirty-two of the fifty states in the US still have capital punishment. With the death penalty such a controversial topic, there are bound to be pieces written on it. The books The Last Day of a Condemned Man and In Cold Blood, both narrators tell the taleRead MoreThe Last Day of a Condemned Man by Victor Hugo and In Cold Blood by Truman Caopte626 Words   |  3 Pagessurrounded by the death penalty is the humanity of it. Can we consider making someone wait for months, and even more realistically years, to be put to death? In the books The Last Day of a Condemned Man and In Cold Blood, both narrators tell the tale of impending death. While The Last Day of a Condemned Man is told in a first person view, In Cold Blood is told from a third person. Although from different views, each tells the trials and tribulations of approaching the death penalty. The Last DayRead MoreIn Cold Blood: Nature vs Nurture Essay885 Words   |  4 Pagesfamous non-fiction novel, In Cold Blood, there is evidence that supports the injustices of the trial: death penalty. The final outcome of the trail was never to be any different than death. â€Å"Of all the people in all the world, the Clutters were the least likely to be murdered† (Capote 85). We know the two men who killed the Clutter family, Perry Smith and Bill Hickock, preplanned the crime with malice and forethought. Although the actions were crul and grusome, does Death Row fit what they did if theirRead More The Death Penalty: Justifiable Essay977 Words   |  4 Pages The Death Penalty: Justifiable -Preface: Let it be noted now that this speech is very opinionated. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;I strongly believe that the Death Penalty is a form of punishment to be used when needed. Which opens up the question, when should it be used? That may be the breaking point in a lot of arguments, deciding when to use the death penalty is a very touchy subject. I believe that only murderers deserve the death penalty, but I do not believe that all murderersRead MoreTruman Capote Arguments On Capital Punishment811 Words   |  4 PagesCapote’s Novel, In Cold Blood, Capote synthesises the writing techniques of a reporter and an author to tell the horrific and true story of the Clutter family murders. Capote uses comparison, selection of detail, and understatement to pose his argument that capital punishment is not a correct practice. Upon murdering the Clutter family, Perry Smith and Richard â€Å"Dick† Hickock are housed in a jail as they await their trial, which would bestow upon each of them a charge of death by hanging. While inRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is The Most Appropriate Type Of Punishment843 Words   |  4 Pagespunishment that should be given to a convicted criminal. The name of this capital punishment is mostly referred to as, The Death Penalty, and it can be presented in different ways. This consists of being vitally shot at by a firing squad, poisoned in a gas chamber, given a lethal injection, and so on. Today in the United States, there are thirty one states that approve of the death penalty, while nineteen states believe it is unethical and have completely abolished it from its state (Robert Costa). ThisRead MoreAnalysis Of Truman Capote s Cold Blood1091 Words   |  5 Pagespunishment, one gets the death penalty while the other gets 15 years. To think that the outcome should be the s ame, however there are more than one factors that play into a person receiving the death penalty and they are not always considered fair. In Cold Blood by Truman Capote, displays a situation where Perry Smith commits a violent crime, and is charged with the death penalty instead of serving years in prison. Some might argue that his crime was vicious enough for him to receive death, but who gave themRead MoreJustice Delayed Is Justice Denied Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"accidental† murder (involuntary manslaughter), I still believe in the death penalty for the most cruel and heinous crimes. For these type of crimes the wrongdoer deserves the worst punishment possible (deathpenaltycurriculum.org). The United States Sentencing Commission web site states â€Å"because death obviously is an aggravating factor, it necessarily would be inappropriate to impose a sentence at a level below that† (ussc.gov). The death penalty acts as a deterrent to future criminals and i t allows the stateRead MoreTruman Capote s Cold Blood1620 Words   |  7 Pagesin many fans-- In Cold Blood. The very formation of Capote s novels and short stories seems to be increasingly insufficient to the eccentric dynamics of the time era (nytimes). Agonizing, horrible, surfeited with disasters -- all used to describe the crime novel in which Truman Capote spent more than five years untangling and following the truth behind the killing of Herbert Clutter and his family. Capote has strong arguments in his novel that make him credible; In Cold Blood proves to be a superb

Construction Management Free Essays

Bonds LaShundra Hines Indiana Wesleyan University Personal Finance BUS 150 Keith Smith July 22, 2009 Construction Management The function of a construction manager is to advise and consult a client or owner concerning the programming and design of a project. This would include cost estimation, coordination of the work schedule , equipment and material deliveries. A concern in the managers advisement and consultation is trade jurisdiction of the various contractors and the activity coordination of the engineers and architect. We will write a custom essay sample on Construction Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the most important functions of a construction manager is to offer critical analysis as it relates to the design, economics, and constructibility being proposed by the architect while always keeping in mind the initial budget and the ultimate goal of providing the best possible facility. Demographics In the analysis of demographics and its impact on commercial spending, consideration should be given to the cause of Dayton residents who flee to neighboring communities,increasing crime rates. The lack of employment opportunities, and the infiltration of less desirable residents who fail to take proper care of their property, are some reasons for this flight,which robs Dayton City limits of responsible consumers whose spending would otherwise enhance retail development and progress. It is true, that those disadvantaged families who have been victimized by alcohol and substance abuse, economic down turns and criminal activity, need decent residents like anyone else. However; given the current economically depressing conditions, law enforcement, city inspectors and other institutional overseers are obliged to be more diligent in minimizing problems that arise under these circumstances. Urban Retail Strategy Proper use of land based resources dictates that urbanism advocates mixed-use development which combines residential, commercial, cultural, and recreational uses, rather than segregating these uses into separate zones or traditional single-use zoning. This strategy also facilitates the presence of a variety of demographic entities as per age, sex, income, etc. These varied consumers would be available in the area of retail development and would also cancel some concerns of isolated criminal activity. Environmental Concerns Asbestos legal firms advertising to represent victims of asbestos contamination , appear hourly on tv commercials. This fact emphasizes that asbestos is still a dangerous threat to the population at large. It is a carcinogenic with a prolong incubation period (30+) years, that incapacitates the lungs and breathing process by the infiltration of hook-like fibers for which there is no cure. The state of Ohio is reminded of the devastation caused by asbestos in the city of Mansfield. Exposure to construction materials that were manufactures there, consisting of asbestos caused the death of workers and their families. This occurred prior to governmental warnings and regulations of asbestos containing materials; and has resulted in a host of multi- billion dollar class-action law suits. Dayton is likewise, littered with older structures and vacant buildings that present a similar threat and must be dealt with in consideration of any urban renewal strategy. Environmental Considerations Type I and type II environmental research and analysis involves a careful walk-thru grid pattern of the land area to investigate the presence of illegal dumping, oil and chemical leakage, the presence of underground utilities and other buried materials. Various municipal departments and the fire department , should be consulted as to the historical use of a particular parcel. The type II process involves the abatement of such research which include taking bulk samples of hazardous materials for lab analysis and later air samples during and after abatement to determine atmospheric quality. For many decades throughout the country we have seen large segments of the general populace favor suburban residency. This same phenomenon has affected the downtown and inner-city areas of the city of Dayton for many of the same reasons: I- The increase of inner-city crime, home invasions, robbery,drug traffic, drive-by shootings. II- Unhealthy industrial environment : violation of EPA(Environmental Protection Agency). Federal standards pertaining to harmful emissions and chemical contamination, as well as accidents due to violation of OSHA(Occupational Safety and Health Administration) standards. III- Atmospheric pollution and traffic congestion. IV- Relocation of business parks and shopping centers to the outgoing suburbs. In the case of Dayton in particular, the demise of NCR, GM, DHL, HEWITT SON FACTORY, have all contributed to massive unemployment and relocation and displacement of the city’s residents. Large National and international retailers and franchises such as Kroger, Wal-mart, McDonald’s have traditionally, perceeded their decisions to locate in a metropolitan area, based upon a impact assessment of the location. Such assessment have been based upon most of the considerations that I have just itemized, and include others such as geographical flood and storm histories, traffic patterns, age, income, and educational demographics and statistical analysis. Judging from this itemized list it becomes obvious why Dayton lacks the presence of some of these franchises in certain areas. My target date for completion of the proposed report shall be 60 days maximum or less after contract award. My recommended fee for completing the requirements of the contract is $175,000( one hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars). A lesser amount can be considered by myself as an independent consultant, and in consideration of the city’s budget limitations. A schedule for intermediate reports and presentations shall be available on a bi-weekly time-table. How to cite Construction Management, Essays Construction Management Free Essays CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT Chapter 4 Construction contracts. Author: Pawel Kotas, Polska Construction as a service activity having many dimensions. Starting from ideas, thru find funds, investor, design construction, find contractor, phase of construction, meet the requirements which investment needs to be in use and complete facility. We will write a custom essay sample on Construction Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now All these aspects are associated with large amounts of documents, permits. In this essay will be described various types of contracts between the investor and the contractor. Contract is an agreement between two or more parties to do something for a consideration establishes the basis for a contract. Because of business aspects of contracts problems can be solved in the court. Then the most important questions are: * Who are parties to a contract? * What are promises? * Other aspects of the contractual agreement. Construction contracts structure the way in which construction is purchased. There are variety between construction purchasing system and buying something in a store for instance mobile phone or sofa. When we have the finished product available for our inspection, we can decide whether it meets our requirements. Since the final product is available, we can purchase it from a single store. With the construction it works different. The facility is purchased before it is „manufactured† based on set of drawings and work descriptors. Finally item requires the purchaser to coordinate many entities to include: * Designers * Contractors * Subcontractors and vendors Major construction contract types The most widely used format of contract is the competitively contract. In public sector it is almost the only way to perform investment. The two main categories of competitively bid contracts are stipulated-sum contract and he unit-price contract. Both names refer to the method of quoting the price of work. Another contract format is the negotiated contract. In this way it is investor who after checking the strengths and weakness of the contractor’s proposal select the executor of the contract. This format is not the best option for public projects because favoritism can play a major part in determining which contractor is chosen. The factor that affect whether a contractor can be considered responsible. * Technical competence and experience Current financial position based on the firm’s balance sheet and income statement * Bonding capacity * Current amount of work under way * Past history of claim litigation * Defaults on previous contracts The major advantage which is essential for public work is that all bidders are treated equally and there are no favorites. That is very important because the political influence or another pressure can bias the selection of contractor. While construction contracts serve as a means of pricing construction, they also structure the allocation of risk to the various parties involved. The owner has the sole power to decide what type of contract should be used for a specific facility to be constructed and to set forth the terms in a contractual agreement. It is important to understand the risks of the contractors associated with different types of construction contracts. Lump sum contract In a lump sum contract, the owner has essentially assigned all the risk to the contractor, who in turn can be expected to ask for a higher markup in order to take care of unforeseen contingencies. Beside the fixed lump sum price, other commitments are often made by the contractor in the form of submittals such as a specific schedule, the management reporting system or a quality control program. If the actual cost of the project is underestimated, the underestimated cost will reduce the contractor’s profit by that amount. An overestimate has an opposite effect, but may reduce the chance of being a low bidder for the project. Unit price contract In a unit price contract, the risk of inaccurate estimation of uncertain quantities for some key tasks has been removed from the contractor. However, some contractors may submit an â€Å"unbalanced bid† when it discovers large discrepancies between its estimates and the owner’s estimates of these quantities. Depending on the confidence of the contractor on its own estimates and its propensity on risk, a contractor can slightly raise the unit prices on the underestimated tasks while lowering the unit prices on other tasks. If the contractor is correct in its assessment, it can increase its profit substantially since the payment is made on the actual quantities of tasks; and if the reverse is true, it can lose on this basis. Negotiated contracts An owner can enter into contract with a constructor by negotiating the price and method of reimbursement. This type can during the contract enter into fixed-price or unit –price contract. * Cost Plus Fixed Percentage Contract For certain types of construction involving new technology or extremely pressing needs, the owner is sometimes forced to assume all risks of cost overruns. The contractor will receive the actual direct job cost plus a fixed percentage, and have little incentive to reduce job cost. Furthermore, if there are pressing needs to complete the project, overtime payments to workers are common and will further increase the job cost. * Cost Plus Fixed Fee/ Variable Percentage Contract Under this type of contract, the contractor will receive the actual direct job cost plus a fixed fee, and will have some incentive to complete the job quickly since its fee is fixed regardless of the duration of the project. However, the owner still assumes the risks of direct job cost overrun while the contractor may risk the erosion of its profits if the project is dragged on beyond the expected time. When the fee is paid as a variable percentage the contractor agrees to a penalty if the actual cost exceeds the estimated job cost, or a reward if the actual cost is below the estimated job cost. * Target Estimate Contract This is another form of contract which specifies a penalty or reward to a contractor, depending on whether the actual cost is greater than or less than the contractor’s estimated direct job cost. Usually, the percentages of savings or overrun to be shared by the owner and the contractor are predetermined and the project duration is specified in the contract. Bonuses or penalties may be stipulated for different project completion dates. * Construction Management In construction management type contracts, one form is retained to coordinate all activities from concept design through acceptance of the facility. The firm represents the owner in all activities. It is the easiest way to construct the facility, but because of the fact that there must be employ addition company taking care about everything the price can be higher, and it might be easy way for the management companies to fool the investor. Bibliography: Construction Managment J. F. Collins How to cite Construction Management, Papers

Quantitative and Qualitative Mixed Models data Analysis

Question: Describe about the main ideas of Quantitative and Qualitative Mixed Models data Analysis methods? Answer: Section 1 Literature review and ANOVA Mixed model data analysis is consist with the two main important analysis processes such as qualitative data analysis and quantitative data analysis. When we get the output for an experiment as a number or quantity, then we use the quantitative data analysis. There are several data analysis process or methods are available for quantitative data set. We can perform descriptive statistical analysis or inferential statistical analysis which is depends on our research question. Sometimes, we get the qualitative data for some experiments and for this qualitative data; we cannot use all the methods which are useful for the quantitative data analysis. We use other statistical data analysis methods for the qualitative data analysis. There are several data analysis methods are available for the qualitative data analysis. For some experiment, we have available both types of data, that is, experiment produces qualitative and quantitative data at the same time, then we need to use the both types of data analysis methods, this types of data analysis is called as the mixed models data analysis. In the mixed model data analysis, the primary step is to identify the variables for which we want to study or analyse the data regarding some particular variables. To decide or fix our goal or aim is very important in the mixed model data analysis. For the both qualitative and quantitative data analysis, collection of data is very important step for further research. Without data we cannot draw the conclusions regarding our hypothesis or claims regarding the different variables under study. Collection of data consist of several methods, we can use different sampling methods for collection of data. it was found that if we get the big sample, then we get more accurate results. Also, collection of data in the systematic format is very important. It is very useful to divide the data according to different categories. Sometimes, in the qualitative data analysis, we are not given any catego ries or label, then we need to divide the variable according to categories, label to these categories and coding is also important in the qualitative data analysis process. After collection of data, for the quantitative data analysis, we simply apply the different descriptive statistical methods and inferential statistical methods. We can calculate the different values for parametric estimation or descriptive statistics. We can use the non-parametric methods sometimes. For the qualitative data analysis, we can apply different qualitative data analysis methods and then we can calculate the desirable statistic value for proving our goals or aims regarding the hypothesis or claims stated by researcher. After both types of data analysis, we can draw the conclusions for given variables or claims regarding the variables under study. In the descriptive statistics, we study the mean, mode, median, minimum, maximum, standard deviation, variance, range, skewness, kurtosis etc. There are lot of statistical softwares. We can use these softwares for getting the descriptive statistics values for the further analysis. In the inferential statistics, we apply the different statistical hypothesis tests for the given data. Selection of the proper test is very important in proving the claim or hypothesis under study. If we select the improper statistical tests, then we cannot get the correct conclusions. There are so many hypothesis tests are available and after checking all assumptions for using any particular test, we can apply this test to the given data and we can draw the conclusions for the given hypothesis stated for the test. After deciding the appropriate test, it is important to establish the null and alternative hypothesis for this test. This is nothing but the deciding our claim regarding the variable under study. After deciding our claim, we have to fix some level of significance or alpha value for the test. This is important because it gives us reliability or accuracy about the results of the test. In most of the times we take the level of significance as 5% or 0.05. Next step in the testing of hypothesis is to find the test statistic value and we can find this test statistic value by calculating the given formula for the test statistic. After finding the value for the test statistic value, we can find the p-value for the given value by using some statistical tables. Then we compare this p-value with the given level of significance or alpha value and then we take the decision regarding the null hypothesis according to the decision rule for the rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis. The decision rule for the rejecting or not rejecting the null hypothesis is given as below: Decision rule: We reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is the less than the given level of significance or alpha value and we do not reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is greater than the given level of significance or alpha value. Now, we have to see what is the ANOVA is. If we are given the two samples for testing the averages or means regarding the population data, then we can use the t test or z test. We can only use the z or t test when there are two samples. But many times, we need to compare more than two samples for the population means or averages for the given data set. In this condition, we use the ANOVA test instead of using the z or t test. Before applying the ANOVA test, we need to check some assumptions for this test. The null and alternative hypothesis for this test is given as below: Null hypothesis: H0: All population means for the all variables are same. Alternative hypothesis: Ha: All population means all variables are not same. We can also write these hypotheses as below: Null hypothesis: H0: There is no any significant difference in all population means. Alternative hypothesis: Ha: There is significant difference exists in the given population means. After applying this test, we get the test statistic value F for this test and then we can find the p-value for this test. At last, after comparing the p-value with the given level of significance or alpha value, we can take the decision about the null hypothesis regarding the given variables under study. Tests of independence In the quantitative and qualitative data analysis, sometimes we need to use the tests of independence for the given two categorical variables. In this test we check the claim that whether the given two categorical variables are independent or not. For example, we can check the hypothesis that the gender and education are independent from each other. One of the main important tests in testing the independence between two categorical variables is the chi square test for independence. Let us see this in detail given below: Chi square test for independence For checking the independence between the two categorical variables, we use the chi square test for independence. We use this chi square test for independence for the given two categorical variables from the single population. By using this test, we check the claim whether there is any association exists between the given two categorical variables or not. This test consists of some steps. First of all, preparation of the null and alternative hypothesis is very important because we have to decide what we have to prove by using this test. Then after, we fix some level of significance or alpha value for this test. Next step is to find the test statistic value for this test by using the formula given for this test. After finding the test statistic value, we find the p-value for this test. Then after, we can simply compare this p-value with the given level of significance or alpha value, and then we can take the decision regarding the null hypothesis for whether reject the null hypothesis or do not reject the null hypothesis that the given two categorical variables are independent. Also, there are some other tests for checking independence. We need to use these tests for independence according to available data and assumptions or conditions. Section 2 For the section 2, we have to search the five journal articles from the EBSCO or Google scholar. The following articles are taken from the Google scholar. Let us see all these articles step by step given below: 5 journal articles Article 1: Objectively Measured Sleep Characteristics among Early-Middle-Aged Adults The CARDIA Study Abstract In this article, the researcher finds out the relationship between the number of hours a person sleeping and the risk of cardiac problems. Researcher collects the data of 669 participants in the year 2003 to 2004 and then researcher use this data for statistical analysis. After doing this statistical analysis, researcher draw the conclusions about the relationship between the number of hours person sleeping and the risk of cardiac problems. For this research, researcher used the data of the early middle aged adults. https://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/164/1/5.short Article 2: Sleep Habits and Patterns of College Students: A Preliminary Study Abstract: For this article, researcher studies the sleep habits and patterns of college students. Researcher collects the data for the number of hours student sleep and the marks obtained by the student in the college courses. Then researcher do some statistical analysis and draw some conclusions regarding the numbers of hours student sleeps and the marks obtained by student for different college courses. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07448480109596017#.VOHIeO_MT4g Article 3: Education and Stratification in Developing Countries Abstract This article is based on the study of education and inequality in development in regions. Also this article focuses on the relationship between the educational background and the families financial condition. For this purpose, researcher collects the data for some developing countries and then researcher do some statistical analysis and check his claims. After his research, he found that there is financial gap or economic gap in the different regions due to the education level of families in these regions. https://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/2678615?sid=21105361939691uid=4uid=2 Article 4: Wealth, Expenditures And Decision-Making For Education Abstract: This article is based on the wealth, expenditures and decision making for education. Researcher collects the data regarding the wealth; expenditure and education from some region and then researcher do some statistical data analysis. After doing this data analysis, researcher points out the some relationship between these three factors. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED001243 Article 5: A simulation study of crop growth and development under climate change Abstract: In this article, the researcher provides the simulation study of crop growth and development under the different climate change. Researcher collects data from different climatic conditions for the some crop and then researcher finds out that what is the effect of climate changes on the total yield of the crop production and the crop development. For this study, researcher used the different statistical regression models. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0168192395022864 Section 3 In this section, we have to discuss the two articles out of five articles given in the second section. We select the article 1 and 2 for discussion. Let us see the discussions for these articles in detail: Article 1: Objectively Measured Sleep Characteristics among Early-Middle-Aged Adults The CARDIA Study Abstract Researcher collects the data for the number of hours the person sleep and the risk of cardiac problem. Researcher collects the data for the year 2003 2004. Researcher collects the data for the early middle aged adults. Researcher collects the data for the 669 participants. Researcher collects the data regarding to the time in bed, time required to fall asleep, sleep duration and sleep efficiency. All the participants were of the age group 38 50 years. out of the 669 participants, 58% were women. The percentage for the black persons was 44%. For this data, researcher get the mean time in bed was 7.5 hours with the standard deviation 1.2 hours. Researcher found the mean sleep latency time as 21.9 minutes with standard deviation 29 minutes. The mean sleep duration was found as 6.1 hours with the standard deviation 1.2 hours. Mean sleep efficiency was found as 80.9% with standard deviation 11.3%. Also it was found that average sleep duration for white women as 6.7 hours and for white m en, it was observed as 6.1 hours. For black women, it was 5.9 hours and for black men, it was observed as 5.1 hours. Researcher concluded that sleep duration and quality have the consequences for health and it is strongly associated with the race, sex and socioeconomic status of the person. https://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/164/1/5.short Article 2: Sleep Habits and Patterns of College Students: A Preliminary Study Abstract: For this article, researcher collects the data for the college students for the total number of student sleeps and the marks obtained in the college courses. Data is collected for some US college students. Data is collected from the rural and urban areas for checking the relationship between the college performance and the regions. Also, researcher suggest that how the colleges and university officials alter procedures to minimize students sleep disturbances and reduce the deleterious effects of sleep problems on the academic performance. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07448480109596017#.VOHIeO_MT4g References: 1. David Freedman, Robert Pisani, Roger Purves, Statistics, 3rd ed., W. W. Norton Company, 1997.2. Morris H. DeGroot, Mark J. Schervish Probability and Statistics, 3rd ed., Addison Wesley, 2001.3. Leonard J. Savage, The Foundations of Statistics, 2nd ed., Dover Publications, Inc. New York, 1972.4. Robert V. Hogg, Allen T. Craig, Joseph W. McKean, An Introduction to Mathematical Statistics, 6th ed., Prentice Hall, 2004.5. George Casella, Roger L. Berger, Statistical Inference, 2nd ed., Duxbury Press, 2001.6. David R. Cox, D. V. Hinkley, Theoretical Statistics, Chapman Hall/CRC, 1979.7. Peter J. Bickel, Kjell A. Doksum, Mathematical Statistics, Volume 1, Basic Ideas and Selected Topics, 2rd ed. Prentice Hall, 2001.8. T. S. Ferguson, Mathematical Statistics: A Decision Theoretic Approach, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 19679. Harald Cramr, Mathematical Methods of Statistics, Princeton, 194610.Laubach RS, Koschnick K. Using Readability: Formulas for Easy Adult Materials. Syracuse, NY: New Readers Press, 1977. 11. SPSS-X Users Guide. 3rd edition. Chicago. IL: SPSS, Inc., 1988. 12.Doak L, Doak C. Patient comprehension profiles: recent findings and strategies. Patient Couns Health Educ. 1980;2:1016. 13.Anthony, R. N. and Herzlinger, R. E. (1980). Management Control in Nonprofit Organizations. Homewood, Ill: Irwin. 14. Balderston, F. E. (1975). Managing Today's University. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

Shark Essays - Shark Finning, Sharks, Carcharhinidae, Ichthyology

Shark Killing Among some of the most wasteful reasons to hunt in the world I'd have to say that besides the killing of elephants for their tusks, this is on top of the list for one of the worst reasons a blue shark is killed. And sadly enough the United States is one of the top countries to blame. In Hawaii and Mexico shark finning is very common. The fishermen fish the sharks take the fins, and throw it back into the water. The fins are mainly used for fin soup as a status symbol for the Japanese. They eat it for fin soup. Since the fins contain a high dose of ammonia smell and taste they must be processed quickly and tossed back into the ocean, and a lot of times the fish is thrown back into the water alive. Conservation's main cause for concern is the fact that the sharks have a very low reproduction rate. They don't typically reproduce until the age of twenty-five, and even then they only produce a few babies. At The rate these fishermen hunt them the sharks will possibly become endangered in the next few years. This is one of the most cruelest things I've ever heard, and not just the killing of them for the fins, but that fact that they are thrown back into the water without fins. How is the shark supposed to survive and even swim? That is so cruel. Maybe someone should cut off fishermen's legs and arms, and watch them try to survive. It probably would probably hard for the fisherman to survive, he'd be a physical vegetable. I hope the United States does something urgently to control this growing problem before it gets out of hand. The people can do something about it by obviously not buying shark products but also by writing letters and sending petitions to congress, we could also spread the word in other ways in Japan and Hong Kong. But I think if the US stopped the finning, other countries would probably follow and sales would go down, giving the sharks a chance to live and breed in peace.

Essay Sample on the War Measures Act in World War I

Essay Sample on the War Measures Act in World War I Free example essay on The War Measures Act: I found the War Measures Act by going to the University of British Columbia Law Library and asking the librarian for help. I asked if he could help me find the act, and he proceeded to lead me to the stacks where it was located. In this report, I will examine the contents of the act- specifically the balance of power between the Governor in Council and Parliament, as well as the historiographical context surrounding its creation. The War Measures Act is based in World War One. World War One started surrounding the various alliances present in Europe at the time. Serbia, which was ruled by Austria-Hungary, was thrown into chaos by the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, and Russia, an ally of Serbia came to it’s defence. France was allied to Russia, thus the French came to Russia’s defence. Great Britain was also allied to Russia and France, in addition to promising to defend Belgium’s neutrality. â€Å"When Germany invaded Belgium, Britain declared war.† (1.) Now, Canada, which was still ruled politically by Great Britain, was automatically committed to the defense of Great Britain. In preparation for the war, Parliament convened and unanimously passed the War Measures Act, which was a statute declaring that the Prime Minister’s Cabinet had the right to ‘suspend the civil liberties of anyone suspected of collaborating with the enemy and to regulate any area of society deemed essential for the conduct of the war.’ (2.) Once the act had gone through Parliament, it gave the federal cabinet an incredible amount of power. Upon close examination, however, Parliament did retain the ability to impose itself upon these powers, as will be explored. The War Measures Act begins with a clause specifying the conditions of war. It opens with the phrase: ‘The issue of a proclamation by Her Majesty or under the authority of the Governor in Council shall be conclusive evidence that war, invasion or insurrection, real or apprehend, exists†¦or†¦[continues] until by the issue of a further proclamation [it has ended]’. (3.) It is interesting to note that it is not by declaration of the Canadian Parliament that war is declared to have begun or ended, but by the Queen or the Governor in Council. Once the act had gone through Parliament, it gave the federal cabinet an incredible amount of power. This is important because at the time the act was passed, the Governor in Council was the Queen’s representative in Canada. This political institution linked Great Britain with Canada, which is subsequently the political reason that Canada was committed to the defense of Great Britain and her allies. (4.) It is in this brief section that wide discretionary powers were granted, and when one reviews the powers in conjunction with the last statement of the subsection, the extent to which the federal cabinet were given control becomes clear. It is not clearly stated what the stipulations are which would specify whether war, invasion or insurrection exists, merely that the Governor in Council has the authority by proclamation to declare it so. Once this proclamation has been issued, only a further proclamation by the Governor in Council can declare the war, invasion or insurrection as being over. The powers of the Governor in Council (Governor General) explicitly specify that it had the authority to make enactments necessary for the ‘security, defence, peace, order and welfare of Canada’, The special powers of the Governor in Council ‘extend to all matters coming within the classes of subjects hereinafter inumerated.’ These include: censorship and control of communications; arrest, detention, exclusion and deportation; control of the waters and movement of vessels; transportation by land, air or water as well as persons or things; trading, exportation, importation, production and manufacture; and control over property and its use. (5.) The act then puts ‘all orders and regulations made under this section [as having] the force of law’. The Governor in Council is given the authority to enforce them, ‘as [it] may prescribe’ as well as the powers to ‘vary, extend or revoke’. (6.) Now, any law which is put into effect must have some sort of punishment accrued to it, and yet again, the Governor in Council is given complete discretion in this matter. ‘The Governor in Council may prescribe the punishment that may be imposed for contraventions of orders and regulations made under this Act,’. (7.) Under section 6 of the War Measures Act, Parliament retained the right to check the federal government. In 6.3 it states that where there has been a proclamation pursuant to subsection 2, that the proclamation shall be debated, and ‘if both Houses of Parliament resolve that the proclamation be revoked, it ceases to be in effect.’ (8.) Furthermore, sections 3, 4, 5 – the force of law, imposition of punishment and no release of aliens – ‘cease to be in force until they are brought into force by a further proclamation.’ (9.) This may seem redundant, although it is not, because for the first time in the act, there are stipulations which are put on the Governor in Council. Another proclamation must be made ‘without prejudice to the previous operation of those sections; anything done or suffered under them; or any offence committed or punishment incurred.’ (10.) This is to say that the previous effects of the proclamation must not be use d as evidence that a further proclamation should be announced. Further to these stipulations, the act must not in any way ‘abrogate, abridge or infringe’ upon the Canadian Bill of Rights. (11.) In conclusion, it is important to make mention of the historiographical context in which this act was written. At the start of World War One, the world was changing dramatically. The Industrial Revolution had altered the position of Great Britain in international relations. With the advent of the industrialization of countries which were previously agricultural, Great Britain began to meet competition on the world economic market. (12.) A wave of protectionism arose in which Great Britain was not allowed to participate in free trade with most other European Countries. This had the effect of stimulating interest in Great Britain’s Commonwealth as regions which could supply raw materials for domestic industries. (13.) Thus, at the start of the war, Great Britain, and subsequently Canada, were forced to draw upon their collective resources to fund the war effort. The exigencies under which the War Measures Act was written could therefore be viewed as a response to the internation al climate which Canada, as part of the British Commonwealth, were faced with. The Powers of the Governor in Council- which are the substance of the act, could be interpreted as an exertion of control over the Canadian domestic realm. Censorship and control of communications, as well as the measures of deportation, were a response to the increased modes of communication made possible by advances in technology. Similarly, the control of points of entry and transport of persons and things were measures to ensure Great Britain’s control over its dominion. The political leaders of Canada at this time, both French (led by Henri Bourassa) and English (led by Wilfred Laurier) were in support of this. Henri Bourassa ‘initially supported Canadian participation, seeing the survival of France and Britain as vital to Canada.’ (14.) English Canadians were naturally in support of Great Britain, and again, they were bound to Britain by virtue of their political ties.

Exploratory Narrative Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Exploratory Narrative - Essay Example They even use hidden cameras to see pin numbers as they are typed in by cardholders and then later on they steal wallets and withdraw cash from ATM machines (Safdar). The ease of robbing others is making this crime popular amongst individuals with criminal minds and intentions. This crime is on the rise and the loss of wealth can be significant if this crime goes undetected. I therefore strongly feel that we can all become the next target of such criminals. I feel that this crime must be stopped by card issuing companies by changing the design of information storage on cards, which is possible if they use small chips for storing information. Moreover, on individual basis we can take certain precautions to prevent criminals from getting access to our private information. When using the cash machine I will surely look out for any signs of glue, hidden cameras, and even cover my hand when I type in my pin code. Only this way I can avoid being robbed and loose my hard earned